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The Tanzanian Mining Act was revised, mainly in 2017 (Act No. 7 of 2017). Mining royalty rates have been increased from 4% to 6% for gold. In addition, the free equity for the State in the capital of the mining company, the rate of which had hitherto been negotiated between the parties, is now set at 16%. Finally, the amount of fixed fees and surface fees were reduced in 2018 (Government Notice No. 1 of 2018). These new measures concerning the mining royalty and the State equity significantly increase the tax burden applicable to gold mining companies. For a representative medium grade mine (3g/t) and a gold price of $1250/oz, the average effective tax rate (AETR) increases from 41% to 53%.

Updated tax data for 2017 and 2018 are now available for Kenya, Nigeria and Sierra Leone.
In Kenya, a new Mining Act was adopted in 2016 (Act No. 12 of 2016) and supplemented by 14 regulations in 2017. In Nigeria, mining taxation has not changed. In Sierra Leone, an Extractive Industries Revenue Act was passed in 2018. It reviews both mining and oil taxation.

Kenya adopted a new Mining Act in 2016 (Act No. 12 of 2016), supplemented by 14 regulations in 2017. However, there is only one important change to note because most of the mining tax provisions are located in the Income Tax Act. The State now requires a free participation of 10% in the capital of industrial mining companies. This measure therefore increases the tax burden applicable to gold mining companies. For a representative medium grade mine (3g/t) and a gold price of $1250/oz, the average effective tax rate (AETR) increases from 41% to 48%.

Sierra Leone adopted the Extractive Industries Revenue Act, 2018. It reviews both the country's mining and oil taxation. Concerning mines, the mining royalty is increased to 8% for high-value gemstones. Loss carry forward is more flexible. A mineral resource rent tax and a stability clause are inserted. However, the tax burden applicable to gold mining companies remains stable. For a representative medium grade mine (3g/t) and a gold price of $1250/oz, the average effective tax rate (AETR) remains at 42%.

Updated tax data for 2017 and 2018 are now available for Ghana, Mali and Niger.
In Ghana, the VAT rate was reduced from 15% to 12.5% in 2018 (Act 970). However, this reduction in the nominal rate hides an increase in the effective rate from 17.5% to 18.125%, including 5 "non-deductible" points. In Mali, the special tax rates on certain products (ISCP) were revised in 2018 (Decree No. 2018-0323/P-RM of 30 March 2018) without however changing the 5% rate applicable to gold bullion. In Niger, fixed fees were also revised in 2017 (Act No. 2016-43 of 6 December 2016).